Corrupted file: how to tell if a file is damaged and how to try to recover it

A corrupted file can prevent you from opening important documents, photos, or videos. In this guide, we explain how to determine if a file is corrupted, the most common causes, and how to try recovery using free tools for Windows and Mac.

Errore su laptop moderno - Foto RISAI

What is a corrupted file and why does it happen

A corrupted file is a file that has lost part of its original data, making it unusable or only partially accessible. It can be Word documents, PDFs, images, videos, ZIP files, or other formats.

The most common causes are:

  • sudden PC shutdown during saving;
  • interruptions during a download or copy;
  • damaged sectors on the hard drive or USB stick;
  • viruses or malware;
  • outdated or incompatible software.

How to tell if a file is corrupted

A corrupted file does not always show obvious signs immediately. Here are some clues:

  • the app cannot open it and reports an error;
  • the file icon is different or missing;
  • the file size is abnormal (too small or too large);
  • part of the file is readable, the rest is not (e.g., partial Word documents or images that do not fully load);
  • you receive messages like “corrupted file,” “unrecognized file,” or “invalid format.”

How to attempt recovery: free tools for Windows

1. Check and repair Office files (Word, Excel, PowerPoint)

When you open a corrupted file in Word, the program tries to repair it automatically. If it fails:

  • Open Word > File > Open > select the corrupted file;
  • Click the arrow next to the “Open” button > choose “Open and Repair.”

2. Repair ZIP or RAR files with 7-Zip

Download 7-Zip, open the archive, and try the “Test” option to check the structure. In some cases, you can extract the working files ignoring the corrupted ones.

3. Recover images or videos with Stellar or PhotoRec

If you suspect a media file is corrupted, you can use:

  • Stellar Repair for Photo: free version with preview;
  • PhotoRec: free, works also from USB sticks or SD cards.

Recovering corrupted files on Mac

1. Preview and duplication

Try opening the file with the “Preview” app or duplicate the file using “Duplicate”. In some cases, the file can open at least partially.

2. Using free tools

  • Disk Utility: useful if the file is damaged due to disk errors.
  • TextEdit: can open corrupted text files and display at least part of the content.

3. File recovery software

There are free tools such as TestDisk o ExifTool (for photo files).

Tips to avoid damaging files

  • Never turn off the PC while a file is being written or copied.
  • Avoid working on files saved on USB drives or external disks that are disconnected.
  • Make regular backups, including in the cloud.
  • Use updated and compatible software.
  • Scan the computer with a reliable antivirus.

Useful link

Want to know where a photo was taken? Also read:
Photo geolocation: how to find out where an image was taken

FAQ: frequently asked questions

Scroll to Top